And so castles made of sand
melt into the sea eventually
Jimi Hendrix
There's something wrong with the world today
I don't know what it is
Something's wrong with our eyes
We're seeing things in a different way
And God knows it ain't his
It sure ain't no surprise, yeah
Aerosmith
Intro
Fear of cancer is evermore common and perhaps rightly so. In western society today you have about a 1 in 2 chance of having cancer in your life if you are a woman and about 1 in 3 chance if you are a man. It's the second leading killer after a cardiac event. It has touched all of our lives and will continue to do so for the foreseeable future.
In this light, I've drafted this cancer focused metabolism biased literature review and update. I hope you will find the below both efficacious and compelling enough to drive agency and hope. While what I'm writing about is focused on cancer, many concepts, substances or modalities suggested are often worth considering for overall health. In my physiological worldview all diseases are deeply systemically related.
Caveat about my credibility and sanity
I’ve written something below that will make me sound like a loon and maybe socially detestable and yet I am stuck with a brain trying to make the most sense of the corpus of information I've looked into. The more I look into any given condition the more I find myself uncomfortably at odds by what is considered established knowledge. I know that I am a bit of a contrarian but perhaps that results from simply wanting to know what really works and caring a good bit less about what other people think. I might be completely deluded by my own ignorance. I do search for deep simplifications in a world of nuance and potential chaos. Maybe the answers I tell myself are completely invalid. That said, what has even to me seemed crazy at first seems now to add up from multiple independent perspectives.
To check myself for mania or grandiosity, I'm not inventing anything, I'm simply reading widely and then writing on and amplifying perspectives that, to me, seem to make the most sense. It turns out that in so many cases including cancer below, only a modicum of effort seems to overturn common knowledge and practice. As uncomfortable as it may be, I am forced to accept that the fundamentals of medicine and biology have been so corrupted by prestige politics, dogma and economic priorities that those inside this kind of cult can’t fathom that they might be looking exclusively under lights all pointing in the wrong direction.
The Environment of the Old Paradigm
Without being too cynical we should ask ourselves how this might actually be possible. It seems to me that without any explicit corruption we can see that funding sufficient for FDA approval can only, economically, be granted for patent-able molecules. This constraint on investigation and research dramatically limits the types of treatments that can be under proper investigation for future clinical use. The excluded world of molecules includes substances produced by nature, and previously patented or old drugs and common substances.
While there is a significant body of primary research consistent with a metabolic view of cancer, and molecules and interventions on hand, who would put forward the money? We have no public entity or institution for this, and private entities cannot be expected to invest millions or billions to put effort into demonstrating the efficacy of an unpatentable molecule. Doing so offers little to no financial benefit and could make their whole portfolio of drugs worthless. All of that is rationalization for holding a view wildly outside of popularly accepted models.
The Metabolic View
The standard view of cancer relies upon the genetic mutation hypothesis as a key assumption. The whole of the profession takes this very fundamental assumptions for granted. Most of the field would probably not consider a metabolic explanation even an option for investigation. Yet, the metabolic explanation is relatively consistent with evolutionary development and places the origin of cancer with local environmental factors working through the cell’s metabolism. This is not to say there is no place for genetics. Individuals with certain alleles will certainly be more likely to get one or another type of cancer, but I would like to suggest that for most types of cancer the largest contributing factor is the micro-environment of cells and tissues. That environment, the cancer environment, has identifiable characteristics which we can identify, understand and use to avoid or resolve cancer.
Warburg
The metabolic explanation for cancer has roots with Otto Warburg who was in his time awarded a Nobel prize for his work on cellular physiology. The Warburg hypothesis was postulated in 1924 after the metabolic work that won him the Nobel. He found that cancer cells primarily undergo glycolytic metabolism instead of oxidative phosphorylation and he believed that faulty metabolism was the cause and not the result of cancer. Warburg thought that cancer cells' mitochondria were dysfunctional and those dysfunctions lead to fermentation.
“Cancer, malignant growth, and tumor growth are caused by the fact that tumor cells mainly generate energy by non-oxidative breakdown of glucose (a process called glycolysis)."
"The prime cause of cancer is the replacement of the respiration of oxygen in normal body cells by a fermentation of sugar."
This is in contrast to healthy cells which mainly generate energy from an oxidative metabolism. Somatic mutations will be present, but the occurrence of lactate, inflammation and other tumor microenvironmental factors is prerequisite. This is an old idea recently returning to fashion. I am only surfing the current wave of interest and literature looking in the same direction. Interest in the Warburg Effect and the metabolic theory of cancer is rapidly growing. Hopefully with all the renewed interest we will find some new types of patentable cancer combating molecules and bring much more money into alignment with how cancer seems to really work.
Evo-Devo Primer
All cells in a body, excluding the gametes, have the same DNA and they all have to figure out what they are to do. Making proteins from RNA and ultimately from DNA is dependent on environmental conditions. There is a whole field of biology working out how specific signals from the environment influence what cells mature into and ultimately how an organism gets its structure. This is evolutionary developmental biology or "Evo-Devo." This field is keenly aware that genes themselves are regulated by their cells. Without going into any specifics we can outline the problem of a cell figuring out what it should express phenotypically. That is, a kidney cell has to figure out it’s to express a kidney cell program. Among a number of factors like light, temperature, forces of strain, the availability of oxygen to a cell and its neighbors is a critical input for the cell determining where it is, what it is and what it does. Of course, this involves genes but the causality begins in the environment of the individual cell. The origin is structural, environmental. Genes do not decide what to do, including mutating (or not reversing existing mutations) without specific inputs from their local environment.
Chemical Respiration
An understanding of basic cellular respiration and metabolism will help us better grasp the metabolic perspective. The typical energy producing mechanism of respiration is known as oxidative phosphorylation. Here is a input output representation of cellular oxidative phosphorylation:
An alternative metabolic process, used when something impedes oxidative phosphorylation is fermentation. In fermentation glucose, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and phosphate (P) become lactate and adenosine triphosphate:
Oxidative Phosphorylation:
Glucose ( C₆H₁₂O₆) + Oxygen (O₂) + ADP + P =>
Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) + Water (H₂O) + 2 ATP
Glycolysis/Fermentation:
Glucose + ADP + P => Lactate + 38 ATP
You don't really need to know what any of the molecules look like, but what is really critical here is that in fermentation cells only get 2 ATP for every glucose while they get 38 ATP from oxidative phosphorylation. For oxidative respiration the cell requires oxygen and all the factors that facilitate the TCA or Krebs cycle. Fermentation produces lactate and CO2 while respiration (oxidative phosphorylation) produces H2O and CO2. Fermentation takes place in the cytosol respiration takes place in the mitochondria.
Metabolic by-products are not inert.
The main product of glycolysis, lactate, is inflammatory and a primary driver of angiogenesis. Lactate production can be self-reinforcing when low energy and inflammation persist. Angiogenesis is the production of new blood vessels, which can be seen as a cell's attempt to demand or request more blood and to then revert to oxidative phosphorylation. It is also a hallmark of cancer and other metabolic stress related conditions such as macular degeneration (A Metabolic Look at AMD). This is why angiogenesis inhibitors are often used in an effort to prevent tumor growth and metastasis.
Despite the association with cancer, angiogenesis is appropriately required for routine repair of the body. Muscle physiology and adaptation offers a relatively straightforward example of the beneficial effects of angiogenesis. When muscle is used without sufficient oxygen delivery from the blood, lactate is produced through glycolytic fermentation. That lactate which we feel as a burn with its associated inflammation recruits local reconfiguration such that more oxygen from blood flow will be available upon recovery. This is a significant part of adaptation to exercise. Some tissues, such as muscles seem predisposed for an ability to adapt without structural pathology, while other organs like the eyes and retina are not. As described previously, the retina is one of the most metabolically active cells in the body and without sufficient glucose or with too much inflammation it will lose its critical structure as it reconfigures to maintain its metabolism.
Cancer and Developmental Regression
Another appropriate place for lactate and angiogenesis is for the survival and development of the cells within an embryo which has adhered to the wall of the uterus. The embryo produces lactic acid which:
1. Compels local tissue dis-aggregation
2. Elicits Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) (which promotes angiogenesis)
3. Modulates the immune system - turning it down to reduce chances of being rejected by the host. These features are all required for the embryo’s survival and as the angiogenesis brings more blood with oxygen the blastocyst’s cells turn to respiration which then signals greater differentiation.
All the three behaviors above are also hallmarks of cancer.
The Unsung Hero
Believe it or not, CO2 is not a pollutant. CO2 is anti-inflammatory, a trigger of vasodilation with increased blood flow and the reactant that combines with ammonia to make urea. Ammonia, in the absence of CO2, is known to pool in the tumor microenvironment to stimulate further cancer growth. As we might remember from this series, CO2 increases the local availability of oxygen through the Bohr effect (Mind, Body & Carbon Dioxide) and CO2 feeds forward its own production facilitating more local respiration.
Cells finding themselves in environments of high lactate, high inflammation, low oxygen and/or limited inputs to oxidative phosphorylation become cancerous. In this light, increasing CO2 from oxidative phosphorylation is a reasonable approach to preventing or treating cancers. And luckily for this argument there already exists a whole line of research in Korea applying just such an approach on many different types of cancer:
“We previously found that trans-cutaneous application of CO2 with a hydrogel decreased the tumor volume of several types of tumors and induced apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway.”
For those still clinging to a mutagenic origin of cancer, studies in other domains have further dismantled the fundamental logic:
It has been shown that cancerous nuclei transplanted into normal cells with normal cytoplasm differentiate into healthy cells, while healthy cell nuclei transplanted into cancer cells remain cancerous. From related research full organisms have also been growing from cells where the nucleus were once cancerous. It is also the case that early cancer cells typically do not have genetic mutations, mutations increase with tumor progression. None of those should be possible if genetic mutations are the origin of cancer.
Cancer in historical context
Cancer rates historically and prehistorically were much lower than today and our closest primate cousins have dramatically lower rates of cancer. Rates in our species have risen much faster than genetic transmission can account for, and incidence is correlated with other modern lifestyle diseases like hypertension and diabetes.
Evolutionary and stress biology have shown that stress is the causal factor for mutations including those seen in cancer. This is conveyed best by the work of Denis Noble who extended the work of Barbara Mclintock. This is the important alternative hypothesis to why cancer cells often have so many mutations. Cells respond to stress with both modified respiration and genetic rearrangement. The more stress the more mutations one would expect to see. The metabolic approach shines light on why we haven’t “solved” cancer in five decades supposedly dedicated to fighting.
Thomas Sigfried, is a modern champion of the view that cancer is a metabolic disease, but he is unfortunately also fairly focused on sugar being the culprit. Cells in glycolysis consume enormous amounts of glucose. So he and others in his camp assume excess sugar is to blame and the remedy they seek in this view is to use blood sugar lowering medication that reduce glucose so low that the cancer is starved and dies. Given his case studies of success I only argue that there are seemingly easier ways to approach the same problem. Foremost is to ensure oxygenation of the area and paradoxically that means more CO2. Other Krebs cycle and mitochondrial factors also need to be attended to and some experimental evidence supports a view that enlisting glucose rather than lowering it directly interrupts the cancer process. Specifically, delivering thyroid, sugar, insulin, and potassium directly into a tumor has been shown to cause tumor regression. “We conclude that TGIK [Thyroid, Insulin, Glucose & Potassium] has anti-tumor activity when administered intratumorally”. Based on my pubmed searches little further effort has been made to determine the optimal ratios or dose, but the approach seems very promising for patients, though not so promising for the cancer industry.
It seems to me plausible, even probable that cancer is mostly a disease of the tissue microenvironment predominantly associated with local glycolysis, lactic acid, hypoxia, inflammation and local and bodily stress. Inflammation is what connects cancer originating in the lung from particulate irritation to a cancer initiated by tissue fighting a virus, bacteria, or fungus. When inflammation is high and the local tissue is hypo-metabolic, the ground for tumor emergence is set. It is also worth noting that nutrient deficiencies preventing oxidative phosphorylation will increase the odds of cancer.
A few supporting videos with structural metabolic views of the origins of cancer:
Mina Bissell: Experiments that point to a new understanding of cancer | TED (16 mins)
Thomas Seyfried: Cancer: A Metabolic Disease With Metabolic Solutions (~1 hour)
Getting practical:
Cancer prevention and reversal, what might we utilize outside of standard medical practice:
Increase CO2 in our blood and cells
Exogenous: Carbogen
Endogenous: Promote oxidative phosphorylation
Block lactic acid production --> inhibit carbonic anhydrase
Increase bicarbonate
Melatonin
Stabilize cell structure to reduce cell division: increase potassium & progesterone
Recall progesterone will increase thyroid and temperature
Use heat to Increase metabolism, blood tissue perfusion and tissue oxygenation
Reduce inflammation: Increase Vit D, Aspirin, Melatonin etc. Various
Prevent Metastasis with Lithium
Increase metabolism from oxidative phosphorylation
Block cortisol (Progesterone, Pregnenolone, DHEA) eat sufficient sugar from plants full of potassium
Inhibit fatty acid oxidation (FAO)
Aromatase inhibition
Pro-oxidant Vitamin C
Hydrogen Gas
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT)
More details:
Increase CO2 in our blood and cells
Exogenously:
Get a Carbogen and a cannula
Pump pure CO2 into a bodysuit or bag
Buy Co2 canisters and fill up bags or a dry suit
Endogenously
Eat for a higher metabolism:
More sugar esp from fruit
More calories from nutrient dense food
Eat meat & vegetables that are well cooked
Take HCl and enzymes if needed
Manage thyroid for mild hyperthyroid based on temperatures
Reduce all anti-metabolic substances
Polyunsaturated fats
Anything that irritates the gut (person specific)
Avoid gums esp carrageenan
Avoid highly processed foods
Avoid gluten (precautionarily)
Reduce Iron
Reduce Methionine
Move to a place like Colorado (less oxygen pressure) -
Colorado is one of the only states in the US with an obesity rate < 25%
Block lactic acid formation, inhibit carbonic anhydrase
High dose Thiamine (500mgs+) daily
Spermidine
Acetazolamide
Combine with bicarbonate for best results
Common side effects of paresthesias, dyspepsia, lassitude and fatigue in 30 - 40% of patients are generally tolerable or abate, but if not can be partially relieved by bicarbonate supplementation.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260680185_Safety_of_carbonic_anhydrase_inhibitors
Significantly increase bicarbonate for periods at a time
Ingest potassium bicarbonate
Some people use sodium bicarbonate but I suggest potassium bicarbonate only
Melatonin is massively anticancer
One known pathway is by promoting oxidative phosphorylation and preventing Lactic acid, however more mechanisms are being worked out
Melatonin is also high anti-estrogenic and promotes immune function
Melatonin happens to be the bodies strongest antioxidant
Progesterone and potassium
Progesterone
One of Progesterones main metabolites is a strong aromatase inhibitor for (ER alpha+ breast cancer, prostate cancer)
For men DHT and androstenone are probably better
Progesterone (real progesterone) prevents or reverses Estrogen induced cancers (progestins do not)
Potassium (I think this could be much more important but it’s only being explored recently)
Potassium is essential to proper cellular structure and function, energy storage and metabolism - modern diets are woefully deficient
One of progesterone’s mechanisms of action is to increase reabsorption of potassium and excretion of salt while reducing extracellular potassium probably be means of increasing oxidative phosphorylation and thus energy capture & utilization
Green drink, juicing and vegan approaches to cancer remediation including Gershon diet for reducing cancer actually have merit and Potassium surplus is their main mechanism (Along with natural aromatase inhibition):
Systemically increased Potassium and reduced sodium
Potassium is antihypertensive, and fibrotic, and is now being show to mitigate cancers and support immunotherapy
The cost and risk of increasing potassium upto about 11 grams/day are quite low. I would aim to double the daily RDI of potassium ( I will write more on potassium benefits and basic lack of risks in the near future)
Potassium is being used to treat Rheumatoid Arthritis (alone)
Already used to treat Hypertension
And is likely remediative in diabetes
Use heat and light (maybe a virus or two)
Hyperthermia to Treat Cancer - NCI
NCI believes in it, they just don’t want you doing it yourself
Raise internal heat through metabolism
Get phenomenal, but safe loads of sunlight on your skin
Maximize natural vitamin D production
Stop taking cholesterol lowering drugs (they don’t reduce all causes of mortality - guess why?)
Exposure to statins and risk of common cancers: a series of nested case-control studies - Outcome studies show lower CVD risk for people with high risk, but this is the tradeoff for lowering cholesterol rather than lowering cardiovascular inflammation
Consider mistletoe for a fever
Consider a flu for a fever
Coley’s Toxins are the roots of modern immunotherapy
Modern immunotherapy should be investigated and used if:
Allowed, funded, available etc.
Some strong immune modulating substances are:
Vitamin D
Melatonin
Astragalus
Reduce Inflammation
Reducing Inflammation should definitely be part of the effort to prevent or treat cancer, but most antiinflammatories will have other features and be listed elsewhere in this discussion
My top list:
Aspirin - has been shown to improve cancer outcomes in many studies, but is being contented (I think the incentives are more economic than based in science)
Is a potent potassium excretion inhibitor
Is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
Increases endogenous temperature/metabolism
Useful doses for cancer are likely much higher than for a minor ailment
Inhibits COX-2, important to cancer development
Vitamin D
The liver takes 7+ days to transform to active form but I would usee 20-30k/day with vitamin K ius if cancer was an issue.
Among many pathways Vitamin D - opposes fibrosis
Astaxanthin is anticancer, we are still uncovering how/why
Melatonin - already mentioned
Prevent Metastasis with Lithium
“lithium was found to prevent metastasis to the lungs, liver and lymph nodes by inhibiting TGFBIp-induced tumor lymphangiogenesis.” Increase metabolism from oxidative phosphorylation
Increase Endogenous Metabolism
Everything above should help - using thyroid (triiodothyronine, T3) exogenously would be a good idea IMO esp with a cancer diagnosis, but even simply with aging and exposure to modern life
Co2 increases it own production in a feed forward cycle
Progesterone increases thyroid
We should increase and not fear sugar especially from sources with high potassium
We should avoid antimetabolic agents
Polyunsaturated fats
Xenoestrogens
Anything that irritates the gut
Heavy metals in large fish and other vectors
Blocking/reducing stress hormones and haemodynamics is important to being able to fight cancer
Stress physiology is a precondition to cancer physiology because it signifies energy expenditure exceeding availability which means:
Lactic acid production
Angiogenesis
Immune suppression
Glucocorticoids suppress cancer cell apoptosis
Dopamine inhibits angiogenesis
Personality expressions with less dopamine, (thus more serotonin) are considered to have a cancer phenotype by Psychiatrist Gabor Mate
Contrary to fans of ketosis, cancer seems to be able to metabolize even thrive on fat, while substances like Niacinamide which opposes Fatty Acid Oxidation seem to help reverse or eliminate cancer:
“Many recent studies have provided significant evidence to support a "lipolytic phenotype" of cancer. FAO, like other well-defined metabolic pathways involved in cancer, is dysregulated in diverse human malignancies. Cancer cells rely on FAO for proliferation, survival, stemness, drug resistance, and metastatic progression.“
Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) - Aromatase is an enzyme that converts androgens to estrogens. Estrogens stimulate non-oxidative metabolism and cell replication. Aromatase inhibition is already a known adjuvant to cancer treatments specifically Estrogen Receptor + cancers, but I would suggest not widely enough. The idea that prostate cancer is from testosterone has been debunked, but aromatization should be much more highly attended to and used therapeutically. Risks of bone loss can be mitigated with high dose vitamin D and K2. Note the source of chemical AIs are mostly from steroids built off of androstenedione and flavonoids:
Citrus peel
Androgens like adrostonede and DHT
Extremestane
Pro-oxidant Vitamin C
Looks like someone in the US government is up on the use of supraphysiologic doses of Vitamin-C (
https://www.cancer.gov/
)
Good luck getting it from your doctor, but you can simply setup a DIY project by watching a few videos
Maybe it can be done orally with liposomes: Homemade megadose vitamin C (Grandfather University with Dr Peter Couttie)
Hydrogen Gas:
Hydrogen gas (sounds crazy I know) but seems to check out as a very low risk adjunct to treating essentially all diseases including cancer.
“H2 has significant anti-tumor effects”
“Growing evidence has shown that hydrogen gas can either alleviate the side effects caused by conventional chemotherapeutics, or suppress the growth of cancer cells and xenograft tumor, suggesting its broad potent application in clinical therapy”
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT)
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy is useful for cancer because it simply increases oxygen delivery to tumor cells as more oxygen is carried in plasma under pressure
“HBOT not only improved tumor hypoxia but also suppressed tumor growth”
I’m personally less excited about more oxygen this way (given its current costs), but think it could synergize well with CO2 therapy
References:
Metabolism/Warburg
Ammonia stimulates breast cancer growth and proliferation A.... | Download Scientific Diagram
The Warburg Effect: How Does it Benefit Cancer Cells? -
Lactate modulation of immune responses
Difference Between Fermentation and Respiration | Characteristics, Process, Comparison
Frontiers | Role of Lactate in Inflammatory Processes: Friend or Foe | Immunology
Thomas N. Seyfried, Cancer as a Metabolic Disease: On the Origin, Management and Prevention of Cancer (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2012): 195–206.
Sex Lies & Menopause (citing several others)
“For over six decades reductionist approaches to cancer chemotherapies including recent immunotherapy for solid tumors produced outcome failure-rates of 90% (±5) according to governmental agencies and industry.” Analyses of repeated failures in cancer therapy for solid tumors: poor tumor-selective drug delivery, low therapeutic efficacy and unsustainable costs
CO2
Optimization of antitumor treatment conditions for transcutaneous CO2 application:
The effect of transcutaneous application of carbon dioxide (CO₂) on skeletal muscle
Does Baking Soda Function as a Magic Bullet for Patients With Cancer? A Mini Review - PMC
The effects of CO2 on cytokine concentrations in endotoxin-stimulated human whole blood
A potentially good side of carbon dioxide
ARTICLE Lactate vs. CO2 in wounds, sickness, and aging; the other approach to cancerA study looking at radiotherapy with carbogen and nicotinamide for prostate cancer (PROCON)
H2 Gas:
Frontiers | Hydrogen Gas in Cancer Treatment | Oncology
Does H2 Alter Mitochondrial Bioenergetics via GHS-R1α Activation? - PMC
Hydrogen Gas from Inflammation Treatment to Cancer Therapy | ACS Nano
Hydrogen Water - Insanely Strong Reaction | Ray Peat Forum
Ascorbic Acid:
Vitamin C: Oral vs. Intravenous, Immune Effects, Cancer, Exercise Adaptation & More
Intravenous Vitamin C: Pathway to a New Therapy to Save LivesTherapeutic Use of Vitamin C in Cancer: Physiological Considerations - PMC
Cancer Perspective:
Stress-induced mutagenesis: Stress diversity facilitates the persistence of mutator genes - PMC
Somatic Mutation Theory - Why it's Wrong for Most Cancers
Adult Obesity Prevalence Maps (best in Colorado, but not great anywhere)
The somatic mutation theory of cancer: growing problems with the paradigm
Ancient oncogenesis, infection and human evolution - PMC
Comparative analysis of cancer genes in the human and chimpanzee genomes - PMC
https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/652836
The Past, Present, and Future of Cancer Incidence in the United States: 1975 Through 2020 -
Dangers of sadistic science: Determinism vs process thinking
Barbara McClintock - Nobel Lecture
Mina Bissell: Experiments that point to a new understanding of cancer | TED Talk
Stress Management: How Cells Take Control of Their Transposons
Potassium:
Potassium, sodium, and cancer: a review
“The cancer-causing drug dimethylhydrazine increases sodium and decreases potassium in the cells, whereas, for example, indomethacin, an anticarcinogen, has the opposite effect. In aging potassium leaves the cells, sodium enters them, and the rates of cancer increase. Patients with hyperkalemic diseases (Parkinson, Addison) have reduced cancer rates, and patients with hypokalemic diseases (alcoholism, obesity, stress) have increased cancer rates.”
Harnessing T-cell “stemness” could enhance cancer immunotherapy
Potassium bicarbonate and D-ribose effects on A72 canine and HTB-126 human cancer cell line proliferation in vitro (Results on A72 cells indicate the K+ uptake could be determinant either to arrest or to slow down cell growth. )
Does dietary potassium intake associate with hyperkalemia in patients with chronic kidney disease?
Potassium supplement ameliorates salt-induced haemostatic abnormalities in normotensive subjects
COX Inhibition:
Potential use of COX-2–aromatase inhibitor combinations in breast cancer
Anti-Inflammatory Agents for Cancer Therapy - PMC
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor - Wikipedia
The role of carbonic anhydrase IX in cancer development: links to hypoxia, acidosis, and beyond
Acetazolamide used for treating Glaucoma
Evaluating off-label uses of acetazolamide
Carbonic anhydrases: novel therapeutic applications for inhibitors and activators
Thiamine vs Cancer
“fursultiamine significantly decreased vascular leakage and lesion size, as well as the numbers of both choroidal and retinal inflammatory cytokines”
[Genesis of tumor metabolism by vitamin B1 deficiency (thiamine deficiency)]
High-dose vitamin B1 reduces proliferation in cancer cell lines analogous to dichloroacetate
The role of carbonic anhydrase IX in cancer development: links to hypoxia, acidosis, and beyond
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors and Epilepsy: State of the Art and Future Perspectives
Carbonic Anhydrase IX Inhibitors as Candidates for Combination Therapy of Solid Tumors
Carbonic anhydrase inhibition with natural products: novel chemotypes and inhibition mechanisms
Phenols and Polyphenols as Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - PMC
Vitamin B1, anti-estrogenic, pro-DHT, anti-serotonin, pro-dopamine » MENELITE
New natural product carbonic anhydrase inhibitors incorporating phenol moieties
Natural Product Polyamines That Inhibit Human Carbonic Anhydrase
Stress & Cancer
Impact of stress on cancer metastasis - PMC
Melatonin
High Dose Melatonin Therapy - An Ideal Adjuvant Anti-cancer Therapy
Melatonin, a Full Service Anti-Cancer Agent: Inhibition of Initiation, Progression and Metastasis
The underlying mechanism of MLT was related to reprogramming cancer cell metabolism, accompanied by a shift from cytosolic aerobic glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). These changes were accompanied by higher ATP production, an elevated ATP production-coupled oxygen consumption rate (QCR), higher ROS levels, higher mito-ROS levels, and lower lactic acid secretion.
Metabolic Anti-Cancer Effects of Melatonin: Clinically Relevant Prospects -
Melatonin for the prevention and treatment of cancer - P
Collectively, melatonin has exhibited inhibitory effects on both ER-positive and ER-negative breast cancers. Melatonin's anti-breast cancer effect was not only mediated by its interaction with both the estrogen receptors and the melatonin receptors, but also through activating various receptor-independent and estrogen-independent signaling pathways. Given the wide spectrum of melatonin's action on breast cancer, coupled with its low toxicity, it could be considered as a potential therapeutic choice for prevention and treatment of breast cancer. Prostate cancer is the second most frequently occurring cancer and the fifth leading cause of cancer mortality in men . It was found that melatonin at pharmacological concentrations could inhibit cell growth of both androgen-dependent and androgen-independent prostate cancer, through various mechanisms.
Lipid Lowering - Higher Cholesterol Reduces Cancer Risk
Progesterone
Preventing and treating cancer with progesterone.
Progesterone receptor modulates estrogen receptor-α action in breast cancer - PMC
Acute and chronic effects of progesterone and prolactin on renal function in the rat. - PM
Apigenin as an anticancer agent
Apigenin enhances skeletal muscle hypertrophy and myoblast differentiation by regulating Prmt7
Iron & Inositol
Lactoferrin's Anti-Cancer Properties: Safety, Selectivity, and Wide Range of Action - PMC
Iron and cancer: more ore to be mined | Nature Reviews Cancer
Aromatase Inhibition
Androsterone - A Potent Steroidal Aromatase Inhibitor | Ray Peat Forum
Frontiers | Estrogens and Their Receptors in Prostate Cancer: Therapeutic Implications | Oncology
Potential use of COX-2–aromatase inhibitor combinations in breast cancer
From Nature
Resveratrol and Cervical Cancer: A New Therapeutic Option?
HBOT
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy and cancer—a review - PMC
Ant-Inflammation
Anti-Inflammatory Agents for Cancer Therapy - PMC
Multiple Mechanisms of Anti-Cancer Effects Exerted by Astaxanthin -
Lithium
The Relationship Between Lithium and Cancer Proliferation
Use of lithium and cancer risk in patients with bipolar disorder: population-based cohort study
Frontiers | Systems Biology Understanding of the Effects of Lithium on Cancer | Oncology
FAO
Fatty acid oxidation: An emerging facet of metabolic transformation in cancer
Derivative of vitamin B3 prevents liver cancer in mice -- ScienceDaily
Solasonine
Patent Law